The conventional notion of borders as existing between nation-states has its roots in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. However, recent political, technological, and societal developments have made it clear that this conventional definition of borders and its impact on policy-making requires rethinking and reevaluation. The migrant and refugee crisis in Europe has raised questions regarding stability; technological advancements have removed borders in both communications and the financial sector; and within nations and communities, societal boundaries have profound political implications. In essence, borders are bifurcating — simultaneously being built up in certain areas, while being removed or broken down in others.

Europe, in particular, has been at the forefront of these issues. Through the removal of national borders, the free flow of labor, the single-market economy, and the Common Security and Defense Policy, the European Union defy the classic understanding of borders. Recent events have found Europe challenged by both conventional and unconventional border issues. The secessionist movement in Catalonia, for example, and the right to self-determination more broadly, make it clear that the discourse surrounding traditional notions of borders is still very much in contestation. At the same time, Europe must also be prepared to address newer, more abstract border issues such as internet privacy and how to govern borderless spaces.